Study: Air Pollution Can Make You Fat

The effects of air pollution is one of the most well-studied topics in the field of environmental toxins research. Air pollution has also been linked to conditions ranging from cardiovascular disease to dementia, Alzheimer's and stroke.

But did you know it can literally make you fat?

The Study

Researchers wanted to find out how exposure to airborne fine particulate matter (diameter, <2.5 μm [PM(2.5)]) pollution impacted adiposity (how fat is laid in the body), as well as metabolic parameters and inflammation. They were interested particularly in exposure during the earlier part of life.

Their breeder at the Ohio State University, Qinghua Sun, had been interested in studying why city-dwellers seem to be at a particularly high risk of heart disease compared to country folk.

It’s common to hear lifestyle habits as a factor in obesity and metabolic diseases. In most cities, a fast food chain is rarely more than a block away, which makes it all too easy to fall in a habit of unhealthy eating.

The breeder wondered if another answer may be hanging, invisibly, in the air we breathe.

To find out more, he started to raise laboratory mice in the kinds of conditions you might find across various cities. Some breathed filtered, clean, air, while others were funnelled the kinds of fumes you might find next to a motorway or busy city centre. Along the way, his team weighed the mice and performed various tests to study how their metabolism was functioning.

Research Findings

After just 10 weeks, the effects were already visible. The rats developed insulin resistance, greater adiposity, and widespread inflammation throughout their body.

• The mice exposed to the air pollution showed greater volumes of body fat, both around the belly and around the internal organs; at the microscopic level, the fat cells themselves were around 20% larger in the mice inhaling a fine mist of pollutants.

• The rats seemed to have quickly become less sensitive to insulin, the hormone that signals to cells to convert blood sugar into energy: the first step towards diabetes.

• The tiny irritating particles may also unleash a flood of inflammatory molecules called “cytokines” to wash through the blood, a response that also triggers immune cells to invade otherwise healthy tissue. Not only does that too interfere with the tissue’s ability to respond to insulin; the subsequent inflammation may also interfere with the hormones and the brain processing that govern our appetite, says Michael Jerrett at the University of California, Berkeley.

This study with laboratory mice offered some of the earliest concrete clues that the effects of air pollution may penetrate far beyond the lungs.

This supports the findings of other studies.

Large studies from cities across the world suggest that humans might be suffering the same consequences.

Chen, for instance, examined the medical records of 62,000 people in Ontario, Canada over a 14-year period. He found that the risk of developing diabetes rose by about 11% for just every 10 micrograms of fine particles in a cubic metre of air.

This is a troubling statistic, considering that the pollution in some Asian cities can reach at least 500 micrograms per cubic metre of air.

In Switzerland, a study saw a similar signs of increased insulin resistance, hypertension, and waist-circumference in a sample of nearly 4,000 people living among dense pollution.

References and Resources:

• Xu X, Yavar Z, Verdin M, Ying Z, Mihai G, Kampfrath T, Wang A, Zhong M, Lippmann M, Chen LC, Rajagopalan S, Sun Q. Effect of early particulate air pollution exposure on obesity in mice: role of p47phox. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2010 Dec;30(12):2518-27. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.110.215350. Epub 2010 Sep 23. PMID: 20864666; PMCID: PMC3065931.

• https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20151207-the-air-that-makes-you-fat

Blue Light: Do we need digital detox to save our skins?

More interest in melasma and hyperpigmentation tied to blue light.

A study asked “Can Light Emitted from Smartphone Screens and Taking Selfies Cause Premature Aging and Wrinkles?”.[1]

We’re not getting enough natural light during the day, but are overexposed to very high levels of artificial light at night. Our skin is a major target of oxidative stress and the link between aging and oxidative stress is well documented. And obviously, what we call “aging” by looking at the skin is caused by oxidative stress.

What is blue light?

Blue light has shorter wavelengths (400-490 nm) and the photons in blue light have higher energy, so it has the potential to do more damage in the upper layers of the skin.

Blue light in the evening is associated with an increased risk of obesity, poor metabolic and cardiovascular health as well as poor sleep in general. “Light is important, but the timing of it is also crucial,

Blue light emitted by screen devices disrupts our circadian rhythms, leading to mitochondrial health disasters. Article says "still a great deal of controversy" blue light, but we know LEDs directly affects cellular function.

Why is blue light a concern?

It is stating the obvious but we evolved under the Sun with exposure to broad-spectrum light during the day, followed by a rest and repair cycle at night. Now we have round-the-clock exposure to light sources we’re still learning about.

Blue light from the sun always comes balanced by red light.

In fact, it is only around 2011 that LEDs were introduced to the market and became popularised for households!

The unnatural exposure to intense blue light is already associated with chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, obesity, insulin resistance/type 2 diabetes, and cancer — all linked to mitochondrial dysfunction.

However, one most substantial evidence for electronic blue light’s impact on skin is how it creates hyperpigmentation.

In 2023, a study of 41 women found that exposure to low doses of blue light triggered or worsened pigmentation in those who tanned easily – Fitzpatrick skin types three to six. (The Fitzpatrick scale measures the risk of sunburns on skin tone, with Fitzpatrick 1 denoting extremely fair skin and Fitzpatrick 6 denoting extremely deep skin.)

Worse, blue light damages the extracellular matrix, which is the collagen layer, through oxidation.

In a 2018 article, an article published in the Journal of Biomedical Physics and Engineering found that as little as one hour of exposure to electronic devices is enough to generate reactive oxygen species, triggering inflammation and exacerbating skin ageing.

“Selfies can age the skin”

Due to detrimental effects of irradiation with electromagnetic fields (EMFs) and visible light (VL), frequent exposure to VL and EMFs produced by smartphones can lead to skin damage and accelerated ageing (promoting wrinkles). In an evocative piece, Sarah Knapton, the Science Editor of the Telegraph idescribed how “Selfies can age the skin and cause wrinkles, warn dermatologists”, published on June 17, 2016.

“It’s not documented,  but in my clinical observation, I can tell whether someone uses their right hand or left hand to hold their phone. You start to see dull dirty looking texture that you cannot identify on one side of the face.” — renowned dermatolgist Dr Zein Obagi, founder of the Obagi Skin health Institute in Beverly Hills.[3]

By the time you’re seeing damage manifest on your skin, you know it is already harming your biological systems.

Currently in the world of skincare, conventional advice continue to be sunscreen. Mineral and physical blockers, such as titanium dioxide and iron oxides provide better protection than chemical blockers, which are often chockful of other problems. Other products include blue light protective facial mists, expensive serums and lip glosses with patented ingredients that claim to “shield” us from screen damage. The beauty industry is an eye-watering multi-billion-dollar industry, and serums and moisturisers that include simple antioxidants such as vitamin C, which scavenges free radicals generated by blue light, and niacinamide, which has anti-inflammatory benefits.

sunscreen at home does not help

So we see the creep of skincare and beauty used to be for “a day or night out”, and then to mitigate outdoor pollution and stress, to mitigate toxic exposures at bed. It used to be that we bought antioxidants during the day to protect from pollution, and ingredients like retinol at night. Now, there’s more oxidative stress in our home environments, so it’s worth including antioxidants in your nighttime routine. You’ll find beauty articles describing the best routine to offset melasma risks from blue light from screens and laptops, by needing sunscreen application both indoors and outdoors.

But blue light from devices is a different wavelength of radiation so sunscreen will not block it.

You could try to saturate your skin with anti-oxidants to mop up the free radicals, to try to help prevent DNA damage from electronic devices. But the artificial electromagnetic field is altering the minerals in the skin. A sunscreen will not protect you.

Rather than going beyond skin-deep to explore the deeper effects of blue light on our bodies, we’re running off for another band-aid to patch what we perceive as only ugly sights.

References

1. Arjmandi N, Mortazavi G, Zarei S, Faraz M, Mortazavi SAR. Can Light Emitted from Smartphone Screens and Taking Selfies Cause Premature Aging and Wrinkles? J Biomed Phys Eng. 2018 Dec 1;8(4):447-452. PMID: 30568934; PMCID: PMC6280109.

2. Impact of blue light on skin pigmentation in patients with melasma. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10315449/

3. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/2016/06/17/selfies-can-age-the-skin-and-cause-wrinkles-warn-dermatologists/